The Role of Gene Mutation in Human Evolution - 1302 Words

The Role of Gene Mutation in Human Evolution Have you ever looked at a gorilla or a monkey and considered it to be your ancestor? Probably not, but, if you have had that thought then it was probably just because that is what has been taught in our school systems for decades, and probably will be for a long time to come unless proven otherwise. Sure, humans and primates have similar features: facial expressions and structures; fingers; toes; breasts; hair; etc., but there has been no evidence that proves that we are, undoubtedly, a product of natural selection evolving from ape-like species. Ever since the first mentioning of our evolution from such species was introduced, it has been primarily theory, and nothing more.†¦show more content†¦This gene-inactivating mutation was not found in merely a few specimens of humans, it was found in all humans – natives of Africa, South American, Europe, Iceland, Japan, Russia, etc. However, the mutation was not found in the DNA sequences of seven species of non-human pr imates, including Chimpanzees (University of Penn. Medical Center). The particular gene in question is of the Myosin Heavy Chain, MYH16, and is specifically related to muscles in the head, namely chewing and biting muscles. Macaque monkeys, a non-human primate, were studied and were found to have the particular MYH16 gene present, and as predicted, only in its muscles of mastication (chewing muscles). In humans, though, due to the mutation, the protein was not being made, and this explains why humans have smaller and weaker jaw muscles when compared to the Macaque monkey’s, whose jaw muscles are ten times stronger than humans (University of Penn. Medical Center). This decrease in muscle tone is due to the inactivation of MYH16 gene which causes a large reduction in the sizes of the muscles that they’re present in (Currie, 373). This gene-inactivating mutation has been traced back to a hominid ancestor about 2.4 million years ago, and, coincidentally, about 2 milli on years ago, the less muscled, larger brained skulls of the earliest members of the genus Homo began to appear in the fossil record (UniversityShow MoreRelatedEvolution Is The Gradual Change Of Genotype And Phenotype Of Organisms1415 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution is the gradual change of genotype and phenotype of organisms over time in response to selection pressures. This enables organisms to become better equipped to exploit their environment. Random processes are governed by the laws of probability and cannot be forecast except for a certain degree of directionality. Deterministic processes however, are predictable and tend towards a repeated outcome. It is necessary to consider the true role of stochasticity in evolution, first in the frameRead More Role of Mutated Gene in the Evolution of Large Brained, Small-Jawed Humans1288 Words   |  6 PagesRole of Mutated Gene in the Evolution of Large Brained, Small-Jawed Humans The debate with-in the anthropology field has been heated over the evolution of the human and the events that have lead us to where we are now. One of the major questions that is debated is how did we, humans-large brained and small jawed, evolve from primates-large jawed and small brained. Interestingly enough, this debate is now being directed from outside the field; by biologists and plastic surgeons. On march 25Read MoreThe Human Brain: Size and Development Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagestime, the human brain has evolved into an amazing organ of the human body. It can store a lot of information that is essential to the survival of the human race, and being successful in life. The brain has evolved and grown, it has always been hard to figure out what caused the growth and development. Microcephalin and the abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated, or ASPM, proteins are the genes that are responsible for brain size and development, and are responsible for the mutations ob servedRead MoreAre Humans Still Evolving?1556 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract evolution has occurred in humans for millions of years; however, in a modern society many scientists and evolutionists are now debating whether or not it is still occurring, and if it follows the same rules. With all of the new technology humans have created, some experts believe that humans have essentially conquered nature, and no further evolutionary changes will occur. Still, others hold opposing views; some experts believe that evolution is still occurring, but modern societal advancementsRead MoreEvolution Is Result Of Natural Selection1300 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution is the change in the different types of living organisms which is slow process. Natural Selection is a battle between individuals within species, which results in the survival of those organisms that are better suited to their environment than others. Natural Selection is a mechanism of evolution. There are three conditions of Natura l Selection which should meet to be able to survive and reproduce, so they can pass the traits to the next generation. In all species, there are huge numbersRead MoreAp Bio Chapter 231661 Words   |  7 Pages\ Chapter 23 Reading guide 1. what is the smallest unit of evolution and why is this important to understand? The population is the smallest unit of evolution . This is important to understand because it keeps clear what is evolving. 2. Define the following terms: a. Microevolution: evolutionary change below the species level; change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation. It is evolutionary change on its smallest scale b. Population: a localized groupRead MoreEssay about Evolution1502 Words   |  7 Pagesset of variants in a given environment. In reference to humans, there are many traits that have been selected and adapted for throughout their evolutionary history giving them the characteristics that they have today. In this paper I will discuss some parts of the human body, which have been found to be selected for by the evolutionary mechanisms of natural selection, adaptation and mutation. Natural selection, adaptation, and mutations are three components of the evolutionary process, eachRead MoreThe Proces of Evolution653 Words   |  3 PagesWithout evolution, and the constant ever changing environment, the complexity of living organisms would not be as it is. Evolution is defined as a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generations (8).Scientists believe in the theory of evolution. This belief is based on scientific evidence that corroborates the theory of evolution. In Figure 1 the pictures of the skulls depict the sequence of the evolution of Homo-sapiens. As the figure shows, man has evolvedRead MoreThe Evolution Of Eukaryotic Cells1102 Words   |  5 Pagesinto its inheritance and mutation. There is enough evidence to bolster the fact that fusion between a-proteobacteria and archaebacteria is an integral event in evolution of eukaryotic cells. However, it has also been conjectured that eukaryotic cell may have originated f rom prokaryotes. As a part of this evolution, many mitochondrial ancestral genes were lost. These are the genes that were no longer required in their new host cell environment. All eukaryotes contain genes of mitochondrial origin inRead MoreEssay on The Validity of the Theory of Evolution1539 Words   |  7 PagesSince the publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species, in which the theory of evolution has risen, people have debated the merits of the theories of creationism and evolution. The theory of is reinforced through scientific studies using DNA, genetics and its mutation, the fossil record and the change in earlier species that has been encountered, and the distribution of related species of animals over a broad geographical range. To fully understand exactly what a fossil is, look at how they

The Socioeconomic And Economic Status And Upward Mobility...

Amer Alhammadi ASB 202 4) There are many differences in the average socio-and economic status and upward mobility of second-generation immigrant minorities when compared to their parents who are first-generation immigrants. A lot of this can be attributed to different rates of cultural assimilation and there are many different factors that come into play when dealing with an analysis of cultural assimilation and what is the most and second-most important factor to be successful in the assimilation. We talk about generations and looking at the study of different generations this is something that anthropologists are very interested in doing. As the United States continues to have more and more immigrants entering the country there are consistently new first generations that academic scholars can look to study. One of the most exciting areas of study for those interested in the anthropology of assimilation is to take a look at the Hispanic community who in many cases are third-generation or getting into the third-generation. When looking at first-generation as compared to second-generation there’s a big question as to whether second-generation is compared to third-generation is going to look the same, look different, or somewhere in between. Relationships between generations is something that is very significant in any community but in the Hispanic community there are some specific norms and customs that parents would like the children to continue on with well the childrenShow MoreRelated Not Just A Rising Sun: Essay2243 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferent social status. This essay will discuss and analyze the history of and how Asian Americans and subgroups are affected differently by discrimination and prejudices, and have different identities that can lead to different assimilation into American Culture and economy. This essay will discuss this through examining Chinese Americans, Japanese Americans, Korean Americans, Filipino and other Southeast Asian Islanders. Waves of Migration The Asian American community achieved their status in AmericaRead MoreRace And Crime Of The Criminal Justice System6937 Words   |  28 Pagescan remember white people or those of the Caucasian race has been the superior race in America. It seems as though they have been always been awarded their fair trial and lesser sentences for the crimes they commit especially compared to the other minority races. In earlier years, the criminal justice system was made up of only white people, white males to be more specific. The judges, police officers, sheriffs, most lawyers were mostly white males. From the criminal justice system coming from anRead MoreBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 Pagesestablishing permanent colonies for their own religious freedom than they were with converting or trading with the native peoples. D—Nicholas Perrot—Description of the opening of a new area for the fur trade reflects the way that the French made economic use of pre-existing North American ways of life. E—Berkely Discourse—Shows the raising of tobacco for export and the precarious financial basis of this economy. Students may point out that this type of economy required slave labor and that the developmentRead MoreA Nuanced Understanding About Gender And Development2781 Words   |  12 Pagescritical inventory items, I chose to develop a nuanced understanding about, are based upon my personal experiences. Specifically I am addressing, from a personal perspective, how the topics of gender in work, global reconstructing, masculinities and economic transformations, and reproduction have indirectly/directly affected me physically, psychologically and ultimately led to the metaphorical silencing of my sexual abuse. The accumulation of events caused by gender and development were critical forRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesbeginnings and endings that accord with major shifts in political and socioeconomic circumstances and dynamics rather than standard but arbitrary chronological break points. In the decades that followed the Great War, the victorious European powers appeared to have restored, even expanded, their global political and economic preeminence only to see it eclipsed by the emergence of the Soviet and U.S. superpowers on their periphery and a second round of even more devastating global conflict. The bifurcatedRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesimportant workforce issues.3 From that and other sources, it appears that the most prevalent challenges facing HR management are as follows: ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  Economic and technological change Workforce availability and quality concerns Demographics and diversity issues Organizational restructuring Economic and Technological Change Several economic changes have occurred that have altered employment and occupational patterns in the United States. A major change is the shift of jobs from manufacturingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComplementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked OrganizationsRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesproduct (e.g., lowering the price) coul d impact the distribution area (e.g., increases shipments, generates higher traffic). Additionally, options within the toolkit are affected by factors that are not controlled by the marketer. These factors include economic conditions, legal issues, technological developments, social/cultural changes, and many more. While not controllable, these external factors must be monitored and dealt with since these can potentially cause considerable harm to the organization

The New Economic Policy Free Essays

How far were economic problems responsible for Stalin’s decision to replace the New Economic Policy in 1928 with the first Five-Year Plan ? There seemed to be various reasons why Stalin decided to replace the New Economic Policy with the first Five-Year Plan in 1928. These included economic problems, the role of ideology, a fear of invasion and political considerations. Although economic problems certainly were an important reason for Stalin’s decision, the most significant reason must have been political, since the consolidation of his power position had always been Stalin’s prime concern. We will write a custom essay sample on The New Economic Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The occurrence of economic problems presumably played a major role in Stalin’s decision to move away from the New Economic Policy (NEP), although it must be noted that, before that time, the NEP had had its, albeit limited, success: By 1925 the NEP had returned the economy to its pre-war levels, and by 1927 both agriculture and industrial production exceeded their pre-war level. However, the NEP had run into problems such as the scissors crisis in 1924 and the grain procurement crisis of 1927-28. For Stalin and many pragmatists who had supported the NEP because it had been working, the grain procurement crisis brought matters to a head. Russia was by 1928 still an economically backward country compared to the large economies of Western Europe and especially the USA. Farming methods still were fundamentally backwards and unproductive. In industry there was a genuine necessity for the economy to develop and compete with western competitors far ahead of Russia. Economic problems were likely to be a catalyst for the bold measures of the first Five-Year Plan, since Stalin felt that without it Russia would keep lagging behind. Ideological aspects too seemed to matter in Stalin’s decision making, although his own ideological position can be seen as somewhat blurred, since he used to frequently change policies according to what suited him best in his pursuit of a leading role in the Communist Party. For example, before his policy U-turn in 1928 Stalin had defended the NEC against opposition from the left wing of the Party. By 1927-28, when the NEP began to experience problems, Stalin sensed that stressing Communist ideological believes would gain him a lot of support. Many Communists, especially those of the left wing, saw the NEP as a retreat from Marxist, anti-capitalist principles and the urban working class resented the special position of the peasants under the NEP. Growing mass unemployment in the towns and food shortages combined with the ideological distaste felt by many Communists for the NEP and the Nepmen. This led Stalin to wage a class war against the peasants and the Kulaks in particular, branding those who would resist collectivisation as ’enemies of the people’ or ’enemies of the revolution. ’ Communist ideology played their part in Stalin’s decision making since it ensured support not only from the Party but also from the workers and gave Stalin the moral grounds to prevail and secure control of the state. A fear of invasion must also have been influential in Stalin’s decision, as since back during the Civil War of 1918-21, when the western powers had clearly supported the ’Whites’, the Communists had a certain suspicion for them. Russia found itself in a far from ideal international climate during the late 1920s, which clearly suggested that the Soviet Union was surrounded by hostile nations which undermined its national security. Stalin seemed to have felt the necessity for both setting up self-sufficiency in food production and industrialise rapidly in order to built up the armed forces and prepare Russia for war against the capitalist powers, or, as he would say at a Party meeting ’Either we do it – or they crush us. Since under the NEP these goals were unlikely to be accomplished, a fear of invasion probably was an important motivator behind the shift to the first Five-Year Plan. Finally, and most importantly, political considerations led Stalin to replace the NEP. It could be seen as a continuation of the leadership struggle that had set in after the death of Lenin in 1924 and demonstrated Stalin’s victory over Bukharin, who was the leading advocate of the NEP. Stalin could show that he was able to apply his own policies and, in doing so, consolidate his position. The Plan would further gain him the support of the left wing of the Communist Party, which had been leaderless when Zinoviev, Kamenev and Trotsky were defeated and humiliated in 1927. In addition, he still advocated socialism in one country and therefore appealed to Russian nationalism. Self-sufficiency in food production and not being dependant on foreign grain imports was popular as it would make Russia appear stronger and save money which could be used to improve living conditions. Political considerations were of prime importance to Stalin since he knew that if he could deliver all these things, it would serve the basic aim of securing his leadership position for the time to come. Overall, while it was possibly a combination of all factors discussed that played a role in Stalin’s decision to abandon the NEP in favour of the first Five-Year Plan, political considerations must have been the major driving force. However urgent a resolution of the pressing economic problems was, Stalin had proven consistently throughout the leadership challenge of 1924-1928 that his basic aim was the consolidation of his power. He had repeatedly changed his policies to decimate both the left and right wing of the Party. Like so many times before, it is quite probable that his decision was yet another piece of opportunism. Had it not been for the unpopularity of the NEP among many Party members, it is questionable whether Stalin would have taken such bold steps. How to cite The New Economic Policy, Essay examples

HRM Journal Entry for Organization Culture - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHRM Journal Entry for Organization Culture. Answer: In this book, the Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Approach, I have been able to gain some learning experience that will help me specifically in the professional field. The major lesson gained in this module is how HRM plays a critical role in any organization. HRM deals with basically the management (provision of manpower) and leadership of an organization so as to ensure there is coordination and a working system. HRM is one of the most valued departments in an organization responsible in creation of the organization culture and structure. This vital organ in the organization also deals with general organization and managerial performance as well as employee performance and rewards (Beardwell Thompson 2017). The study of this HRM module has aided in change of behavior in terms of good performance in the work place and a strong positive organization culture. This study has shed light on what is expected of you in the work place. A guideline of the job description and how t o perform the best way possible bearing in mind the rewards expected and deserved. HRM has also helped in understanding duties delegated and clear understanding of the organization chain of command. In this way, I am able to do work in accordance to job description and is aiding as a tool for remuneration negotiation. I am able to feel motivated at work and therefore resulting in better performance in my work and positive attitude at my work place. Understanding the HRM organ in an organization has helped in my professional development and this has helped me advance in my career. The HRM knowledge has improved my understanding of an organization structure well and my position, duties and responsibilities that should be done. This has enabled me to perform highly towards achieving an organization common goals and objectives. Rewards and recognition in the organization has brought positive attitude and energy towards work. Study of HRM is broad and diverse but there is still room for further study in various topics specifically study of HRM trends all over the world and comparing notes on influence of multinational corporations. References: Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2017). Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Harlow,United Kingdom: Pearson Education. Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2017). Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Harlow,United Kingdom: Pearson Education.

Tips To Preventing Identity Theft Essay Example For Students

Tips To Preventing Identity Theft Essay Having your identity taken away from you is a very difficult thing to handle. It could mean not being able to pay your bills or at the worst, not being able to obtain credit. Protecting your identity is the only way to prevent it from being stolen. Moreover, in this day and age, there are more thieves than ever. Therefore, knowing exactly how to protect the most precious thing to you is the only way you can keep it safe. Here are a few tips to prevent you from having your identity stolen. Tips 1. Keep your important documents at home. Leave your birth certificate, social security cards and any other very important document that has your name, social security number and birthday on it at home. If someone requests to see these documents, be sure to show them in person and once you’re done, immediately return them to a safe place in your home. We will write a custom essay on Tips To Preventing Identity Theft specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 2. Watch your back! Pay attention to your surroundings. Thieves are everywhere, especially around ATM’s and banks. Therefore, before you whip out your pin number, be sure to look around you for any person that looks suspicious. When you e.

Lieutenant General A.P. Hill in the Civil War

Lieutenant General A.P. Hill in the Civil War Born November 29, 1825, at his family plantation near Culpeper, VA, Ambrose Powell Hill was the son of Thomas and Frances Hill. The seventh and final of the couples children, he was named for his uncle Ambrose Powell   Hill (1785-1858) and Indian fighter Captain Ambrose Powell.   Referred to as Powell by his family, he was educated locally during his early years. At age 17, Hill elected to pursue a military career and received an appointment to West Point in 1842.   West Point Arriving at the academy, Hill became close friends with his roommate, George B. McClellan. A middling student, Hill was known for his preference for having a good time rather than academic pursuits. In 1844, his studies were interrupted after a night of youthful indiscretions in New York City. Contracting gonorrhea, he was admitted to the academy hospital, but failed to improve dramatically. Sent home to recover, he would be plagued by the effects of the disease for the remainder of his life, usually in the form of prostatitis. As a result of his health issues, Hill was held back a year at West Point and did not graduate with his classmates in 1846, which included notables such as Thomas Jackson, George Pickett, John Gibbon, and Jesse Reno. Dropping into the Class of 1847, he soon befriended Ambrose Burnside and Henry Heth. Graduating on June 19, 1847, Hill ranked 15th in a class of 38. Commissioned a second lieutenant, he received orders to join the 1st US Artillery which was engaged in the Mexican-American War. Mexico Antebellum Years Arriving in Mexico, Hill saw little action as the bulk of the fighting had finished. During his time there he suffered from a bout of typhoid fever. Returning north, he received a posting to Fort McHenry in 1848. The following year saw him assigned to Florida to aid in fighting the Seminoles. Hill spent the majority of the next six years in Florida with a brief interlude in Texas. During this time, he was promoted to first lieutenant in September 1851. Serving in an unhealthy climate, Hill contracted yellow fever in 1855. Surviving, he received a transfer to Washington, DC to work with the US Coast Survey. While there, he married Kitty Morgan McClung in 1859. This marriage made him brother-in-law to John Hunt Morgan. The marriage came after a failed pursuit of Ellen B. Marcy, daughter of Captain Randolph B. Marcy. She would later marry Hills former roommate McClellan. This would later lead to rumors that Hill fought harder if he thought McClellan was on the opposing side. The Civil War Begins On March 1, with the Civil War looming, Hill resigned his commission in the US Army. When Virginia left the Union the following month, Hill received command of the 13th Virginia Infantry with the rank of colonel. Assigned to Brigadier General Joseph Johnstons Army of the Shenandoah, the regiment arrived  at the First Battle of Bull Run that July but did not see action as it was assigned to guard Manassas Junction on the Confederate right flank. After service in the Romney Campaign, Hill received a promotion to brigadier general on February 26, 1862, and was given command of the brigade formerly belonging to Major General James Longstreet. The Light Division Serving gallantly during the Battle of Williamsburg and the Peninsula Campaign in the spring of 1862, he was promoted to major general on May 26. Taking command of the Light Division in Longstreets wing of General Robert E. Lees army, Hill saw substantial action against his friend McClellans army during the Seven Days Battles in June/July. Falling out with Longstreet, Hill and his division were transferred to serve under his former classmate Jackson. Hill quickly became one of Jacksons most reliable commanders and fought well at Cedar Mountain (August 9) and played a key role at Second Manassas (August 28-30). Marching north as part of Lees invasion of Maryland, Hill began bickering with Jackson. Capturing the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry on September 15, Hill and his division were left to parole the prisoners while Jackson moved to rejoin Lee. Completing this task, Hill and his men departed and reached the army on September 17 in time to play a key role in saving the Confederate right flank at the Battle of Antietam. Retreating south, Jackson and Hills relationship continued to deteriorate. Third Corps A colorful character, Hill typically wore a red flannel shirt in combat which became known as his battle shirt. Taking part in the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, Hill performed poorly and his men required reinforcement to prevent a collapse. With the renewal of campaigning in May 1863, Hill took part in Jacksons brilliant flanking march and attack on May 2 at the Battle of Chancellorsville. When Jackson was wounded, Hill took over the corps before being wounded in the legs and being forced to cede commander to Major General J.E.B. Stuart. Gettysburg With Jacksons death on May 10, Lee began to reorganize the Army of Northern Virginia. In doing so, he promoted Hill to lieutenant general on May 24 and gave him command of the newly formed Third Corps. In the wake of the victory, Lee marched north into Pennsylvania. On July 1, Hills men opened the Battle of Gettysburg when they clashed with Brigadier General John Bufords Union cavalry. Successfully driving back Union forces in concert with Lieutenant General Richard Ewells corps, Hills men took heavy losses. Largely inactive on July 2, Hills corps contributed two-thirds of the troops involved in the ill-fated Picketts Charge the next day. Attacking under the leadership of Longstreet, Hills men advanced on the Confederate left and were bloodily repulsed. Retreating to Virginia, Hill endured perhaps his worst day in command on October 14 when he was badly defeated at the Battle of Bristoe Station.   Overland Campaign In May 1864, Lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant commenced his Overland Campaign against Lee. At the Battle of the Wilderness, Hill came under heavy Union assault on May 5. The next day, Union troops renewed their attack and nearly shattered Hills lines when Longstreet arrived with reinforcements. While fighting shifted south to Spotsylvania Court House, Hill was forced to cede command due to ill health. Though traveling with the army, he played no part in the battle. Returning to action, he performed poorly at North Anna (May 23-26) and at Cold Harbor (May 31-June 12). After the Confederate victory at Cold Harbor, Grant moved to cross the James River and capture Petersburg. Beaten there by Confederate forces, he began the Siege of Petersburg. Petersburg Settling into the siege lines at Petersburg, Hills command turned back Union troops at the Battle of the Crater and engaged Grants men several times as they worked to push troops south and west to cut the citys rail links. Though commanding at Globe Tavern (August 18-21), Second Reams Station (August 25), and Peebles Farm (September 30-October 2), his health began to deteriorate again and his missed actions such as Boydton Plank Road (October 27-28). As the armies settled into winter quarters in November, Hill continued to struggle with his health. On April 1, 1865, Union troops under Major General Philip Sheridan won the key Battle of Five Forks west of Petersburg. The next day, Grant ordered a massive offensive against Lees overstretched lines in front of the city. Surging forward, Major General Horatio Wrights VI Corps overwhelmed Hills troops. Riding to the front, Hill encountered Union troops and was shot in the chest by Corporal John W. Mauck of the 138th Pennsylvania Infantry. Initially buried in Chesterfield, VA, his body was exhumed in 1867 and moved to Richmonds Hollywood Cemetery.

A Sentinel Event Related To Nurse Fatigue Nursing Essay

A Sentinel Event Related To Nurse Fatigue Nursing Essay 12 hour shifts, extended work periods, voluntary and mandatory overtime, and excessive workloads are all factors that dangerously contribute to nurse fatigue, which has led to a number of medication errors and sentinel events (Rogers, Hwang, Scott, Aiken, & Dinges, 2004). In the 2004 study by Rogers, Hwang, Scott, Aiken, & Dinges, it was found that the longer the shift, the risks for errors increases. Also, when working longer than 17 hours without sleep, nurse fatigue has been shown to demonstrate the equivalence of being under the influence with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05% (Garrett, 2008). The effects of fatigue on nurses includes problems such as: compromised problem-solving skills, decreased attention span, delayed reaction time, memory lapses, impaired communication, and inability to focus, which are all important for nurses to be aware of in order to provide quality and safe patient care (Warren & Tart, 2008). The evidences and dangers of nurse fatigue linked to adv erse events from the long work hours and cumulative days of extended work hours has been greatly recognized by The Joint Commission (TJC) issuing a sentinel event alert on December 14, 2011, regarding health care worker fatigue and patient safety (The Joint Commission, 2011). So, I will be discussing the following in the paper that includes: explanation of reviewable sentinel events, a specific sentinel event related to nurse fatigue, and its root cause analysis. Explanation of Reviewable Sentinel Events As defined by TJC, a sentinel event is an unexpected occurrence involving either death, serious physical or psychological harm, or the risk thereof that prompts the need for immediate investigation and response (Sentinel Events Policy and Procedures, 2012). But, for a sentinel event to be considered reviewable, it must meet any of the following criteria: the event resulting in an unanticipated death, coma, permanent loss of function, unrelated to the natural course of the patientâ⠂¬â„¢s illness or underlying condition, or the event is one of the following, but not limited to: suicide within 72 hours of being discharged from a 24 hour care setting rape, sexual abuse/assault elopement abduction (Sentinel Events Policy and Procedures, 2012). A Specific Sentinel Event Related to Nurse Fatigue On July 5, 2006, Jasmine Gant, a pregnant 16 year old high school student, arrived with her mother at St. Mary’s Hospital in Madison, Wisconsin at 9:30 A.M. for her scheduled induction (Smetzer, Baker, Byrne, & Cohen, 2010). The Labor and Delivery (L&D) nurse assigned to care for Ms. Gant that day was Julie Thao, 41 years old. Mrs. Thao had been working at St. Mary’s Hospital since 1993, and worked in the L&D department for 15 years. The day before July 5, 2006, Mrs. Thao had voluntarily worked a double shift for a total of 16 hours or more to cover for the unit’s short staff. Mrs. Thao was extremely fatigued by the end of her shift that ended at midnig ht. She spent the night at the hospital to avoid her hour long commute home and because she was due for her next shift at 7 A.M. So on the morning of July, 5, 2006, the very fatigued nurse Mrs. Thao started her shift caring for one expectant mother. When Ms. Gant presented at the L&D unit later that morning, Mrs. Thao spent time with her and her mother completing the admission process that is done with every admitting patient. However, Mrs. Thao did not apply a bar-coded identification band to Ms. Gant’s arm at this time (Smetzer, Baker, Byrne, & Cohen, 2010). When discussing pain management, Ms. Gant expressed the possibility of wanting to use epidural, which Mrs. Thao would relay the message to the obstetrician.

Britain Fights EU's 'Big Brother' Bid Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Britain Fights EU's 'Big Brother' Bid - Article Example The aim of the Intelligent Speed Adaptation technology (ISA) is reducing accident death tolls by a third but according to Mr. McLoughlin, UK Transport Secretary, comparing UK road deaths of 1754 deaths to 3,645, and 3,657 deaths in France and Germany respectively, UK has lowest death rates from road carnage in Europe. After being briefed that newly, designed vehicles will have camera and satellite systems allowing for the easy and cheap addition of speed limiters, Mr. McLoughlin instructed his officials to block the move terming it as a violation of British motorist’s freedom. According to AA, the new technology is poised to create dangers at lower speeds especially when there is a requirement to accelerate and the speed is limited resulting in an avoidable collision but believes audible speed alerts would work (Owen, 31 August 2013). EC reports that ISA and other issues will be published by the commission in a document in the autumn according to its mandate by member states and that there is ongoing consultation on the speed limiters. The research in the article is exemplary done owing to the reporting of the views of the different stakeholders on the introduction of ISA and this has a relation to the course material since it deals with a transportation policy issue aimed at implementation in the UK and Europe limiting driving beyond set speeds. The exemplary sections in the article are the workings of the Intelligent Speed Adaptation technology (ISA) that is well explained in the article allowing for a clear concise understanding by the reader.  

Investigative Report and News Release Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Investigative Report and News Release - Essay Example Service has been disrupted since then. Mr. Packard has already dispatched repair teams to the site and the extent of the problem shows that repairs will take about three weeks to complete. An incident report was filed after the repair team had been dispatched. At an emergency press conference helmed by Ms. Rhian Ramos for Alta Vista Internet Services, she announced that the recent disruption of their services in the Southern area of the city was caused by a vehicular accident that cut one of the cable links to the Southern Belle Telephone Company. Some client have gone without internet service since the early hours of October 19. Ms. Ramos explained that repair crews have been dispatched to the site and repairs are said to take up to three weeks at the longest to complete. Recognizing the inconvenience that this disruption has caused, Ms. Ramos announced that Alta Vista Internet Services shall supply those in the affected are with the free use of the companys newest product, the Slammin Speed USB modem for the next 3 weeks. The new usb modem guarantees internet speeds of up to 7.5 mbps and is set to be launched officially at the end of the month. â€Å"This incident will allow our company to highlight our new and upcoming services while allowing our clients to continue with their internet based lives free of charge. Our company will also reverse the charges for the next three weeks on their regular internet use in order to discount the repair days of the system. In the meantime, those who wish to convert to the usb modem service after 3 weeks may do so free of charge. This is our companys way of letting our clients know that we truly care for their needs and our company will not let them down when they need our services the most.† Ms. Ramos

Consumer Behaviour Double Jeopardy Essay Example for Free

Consumer Behaviour Double Jeopardy Essay The theory of Double Jeopardy is described as a behavioural phenomenon which relates to the size structure of a market (Bandyopadhyay, Gupta Dube 2005). This indicates that in any given time a smaller brand typically has fewer buyers compared to those of a larger brand as larger brands often have a higher percentage of penetration and market share (Ehrenberg, Goodhardt Barwise 1990). A brand with more market share indicates that consumers purchase these brands more frequently compared to other brands. There are a number of reasons why this occurs. For example firms offering products that a consumer perceives as better quality and value, will grow larger (Jacobson 1988). Also, a firm that creates power advantages by introducing inferior products which competitors cannot offer to customer’s also results in a higher market share. Careful analyses of all team members’ individual purchases over the tracking period, it can be noted that a large number of different brands were consumed. By viewing the Duplication of Purchases Table for fast food, out of all the 11 types of brands, McDonalds and Max Brennars were the most frequently purchased brands resulting in a higher percentage of penetration and market share compared to other brands. This is because McDonalds and Max Brennars have multiple locations within Australia which provides better access to customers, both brands participate in extensive television and both brands provide regular promotions in order to make customers more alert and aware. These facts all enforce the theory of the double jeopardy; larger brands have more buyers and have a higher market share. To review the occurrence of the Double Jeopardy effect, Ehrenberg et al. (1990) states that there exists two market level explanations. The first market level consists of the differences in consumer exposure to the market mix efforts (price, promotion, advertising, point of purchase display, discount) of a brand. If a brand has less consumer exposure, it is more likely to suffer (Ehrenberg et al. 990) because they have fewer buyers and lower repeat purchase. Looking at the DOP tables for fast food, TGI Friday’s and Koko Black displayed as the least frequently purchased brands. A reason why these two fast food outlets were the least purchased brands is because of their location as many customers may not have close access to it. Another reason is because there is not much advertising and promotion when compared to fast food outlets such as McDonalds and Max B rennars. The second market level relies on stochastic models of buying behaviour (Ehrenberg et al. 1990) which helps predict the Double Jeopardy trends for competitive brands. This is solely based on the heterogeneity in popularity such as the market share as earlier research shows that the average customer of smaller brands buys less, have lower favourable attitude and manifest lower loyalty than the average customer of larger brands (Ehrenberg et al. 1990).

Essays --

Identity is defined as one’s personal characteristics or attributes and their membership of a social category. In today’s society it is important to note how social media impacts upon our individual identities. To begin with, we technically are not born with identity; it is a socially constructed attribute. Identity is a transient thing, which changes over time as we grow and mature. The self-concept, which is our own personal understanding of who we are, combines with self awareness to cultivate a cognitive representation of the self, called identity (Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 2010, p.118). In other words, who we are is controlled by internal and external factors that combine to make us who we become. Bring new media outlets into the equation, such as the internet, and media is now regarded as an "extension of everyday life and a tool of cultural change" (Singh, 2010). Thus, identity formation, as a social concept, is being transformed in new and even more global ways. When we talk about social media and identity, what comes to mind? We all know they have a pretty complicated relationship, but how exactly is social media related to identity? In exploring the connections between social media and identity, we have realised there has been a gradual but obvious transition within the social media- identity relation. Within this essay I am going to take a look at how the linkage between social media and identity has evolved over the course of my studies. Whether consciously aware of what is being displayed or not, media plays a substantial role in influencing consumption patterns and lifestyle. Researchers noted television's power to influence even people who are illiterate. Smith-Speck and Roy (2008) explained that even individua... ... by creating alternative personas –her different facebook profiles serving as a manifestation of the life she wished she could have had; media was a way out. The television series of this show â€Å"Catfish† shows us that there are many individuals out there like Angela, who create completely fabricated identities, for many different reasons. Whether it is malicious or a release for the person; It is an escape from reality in most cases. This alerts us to the dangers of social media, and makes us wary of meeting new people online, as all may not be what it seems. In a way, this creates a suspicious environment in the world of social media. If we don’t know the individuals we befriend on social media sites personally, how are we to know if they are real people or fictional characters produced out of the mind of someone else. In this way, a sense of identity is destroyed. Essays -- Identity is defined as one’s personal characteristics or attributes and their membership of a social category. In today’s society it is important to note how social media impacts upon our individual identities. To begin with, we technically are not born with identity; it is a socially constructed attribute. Identity is a transient thing, which changes over time as we grow and mature. The self-concept, which is our own personal understanding of who we are, combines with self awareness to cultivate a cognitive representation of the self, called identity (Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 2010, p.118). In other words, who we are is controlled by internal and external factors that combine to make us who we become. Bring new media outlets into the equation, such as the internet, and media is now regarded as an "extension of everyday life and a tool of cultural change" (Singh, 2010). Thus, identity formation, as a social concept, is being transformed in new and even more global ways. When we talk about social media and identity, what comes to mind? We all know they have a pretty complicated relationship, but how exactly is social media related to identity? In exploring the connections between social media and identity, we have realised there has been a gradual but obvious transition within the social media- identity relation. Within this essay I am going to take a look at how the linkage between social media and identity has evolved over the course of my studies. Whether consciously aware of what is being displayed or not, media plays a substantial role in influencing consumption patterns and lifestyle. Researchers noted television's power to influence even people who are illiterate. Smith-Speck and Roy (2008) explained that even individua... ... by creating alternative personas –her different facebook profiles serving as a manifestation of the life she wished she could have had; media was a way out. The television series of this show â€Å"Catfish† shows us that there are many individuals out there like Angela, who create completely fabricated identities, for many different reasons. Whether it is malicious or a release for the person; It is an escape from reality in most cases. This alerts us to the dangers of social media, and makes us wary of meeting new people online, as all may not be what it seems. In a way, this creates a suspicious environment in the world of social media. If we don’t know the individuals we befriend on social media sites personally, how are we to know if they are real people or fictional characters produced out of the mind of someone else. In this way, a sense of identity is destroyed.

Cognitive Psychology Essay

Cognitive Psychology is the study of how people absorb, process and store information. It is considered as a discipline in dealing with other fields like science, philosophy and language. Perception, thinking, attention, memory, decision Making and Problem Solving ability are some factors that determine this field of psychology. This field serves as an aid in making educational curriculum and other software designs needed for learning. Studying this field focuses on human information processing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Internal mental state is the focus of cognitive psychology. People who focuses on this field merely studies how to understand, trace and find cure to serious problems relating to mental health. There are 7 themes associated with Cognitive Psychology: Attention, Automatic and conscious processing, Data driven and conceptually driven processing, Knowledge representation, Metacognition, Unconscious processing and Levels of analysis in cognitive science (Pritchard, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One discipline involved in this field is that cognitive psychology is said to be different from neuroscience because it discusses information processing at a software level. The primary method used is through experimentation on human subjects. Wilhelm Wundt is one remarkable cognitive psychologist who established his first laboratory in 1879. His study focuses on conscious experience (Pritchard, 2000). â€Å"Wundt did experiments involving introspection. Introspection is self-examination of the mind, or conscious experience. Wundt asked subjects to introspect about the feelings and sensations they had in response to a physical stimulus† (Pritchard, 2000). His perseverance on studying cognitive psychology made him consider this subject as a formal academic discipline.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through further studies and continuous search for developing this field, Wundt was able to train another psychologist like him in the person of Edward Titchener. â€Å"Titchener tried to determine the contents of the mind further (Pritchard, 2000). Structuralism was discovered by him where he was able to determine the elements of thought and how those elements were   combined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another fundamental of cognitive psychology is Herman Ebbinghaus’ discovery during the late 19th century. â€Å"Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables to study memory in a quantifiable manner. Nonsense syllables are CVCs, consonant- vowel-consonant trigrams. Ebbinghaus chose those as his subject matter, because he wanted to study memory in a pure form. Hence, he did not want to use items that already had some meaning attached to them. Ebbinghaus demonstrated effects of interference, practice time and forgetting† (Pritchard, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another proponent is Edward Tolman who was famous because of his work that centered around animals who demonstrates behaviors based on expectations and internal factors. The importance of his study on cognitive psychology is about memorization. He made experiment on rats by putting them in a maze after they were trained. The rats reached the goal point without going to the learned place. This supported the notion that they had created a cognitive map.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Behavior on the other hand is relevant to cognitive psychology because this is where the processed information appears. The effect of consciousness is determined by the outcome through a person’s behavior. â€Å"Wundt and Titchener were aware of the subjectivity of consciousness, but they still believed that consciousness could be studied†(Pritchard, 2000). Behavior is said to be objective and not subjective. The universal laws of behavior can be determined through psychology because all living things are subject to experimentation of why they come up with such results.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cognitive psychology and behaviorism goes hand in hand because there are certain aspects that cannot be determined by one field alone. Behaviorism is seen through actions while cognitive deals with information processing. â€Å"Because of behaviorism’s emphasis on the observable there were some things that they just didn’t talk about. Memory, language, and other mental activities would not be discussed by behaviorists. At least they wouldn’t be discussed as we would discuss them, with reference to mental events and thoughts that are unobservable by other people. They tried to explain these phenomenon by constructing theories involving biological drives and habits† (Pritchard, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although there are some arguments relating to behavior and cognitive psychology, since there are claims that Mental processes were considered habits that   were not connected to the brain, still Cognitive psychology diminishes the confusions as to why human come up with that action. There are interacting determinants between behavior and cognitive psychology. Through these field people learn that as a discipline, cognitive psychology is developed to bridge the gap between behaviorism and cognitive social psychology. Tracing the development of cognitive psychology, it developed mainly from Behavioral psychology because through observations and critical thinking, cognitive psychologist learn to investigate more about information processing. References Pritchard, Evan (2000) Attention and Memory Chapter 1 How Cognitive Psychology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Developed. An article about Cognitive Psychology from the winnipeg website.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved March 15, 2008 from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~epritch1/amdvlop.htm

The legal profession is a form of public trust

The legal profession is a form of public trust which is given only to those qualified enough to uphold the law and assist in the administration of justice. It is a duty of public service which involves sincerity, integrity and reliability, in which pecuniary considerations are a mere by-product, notwithstanding establishing lawyer-client relationships in the highest degree of fiduciary. The lawyer is an oath-bound servant of society whose conduct is clearly circumscribed by inflexible norms of law and ethics to which the ends of justice are the primary considerations. In rendering legal services to his clients, he must observe utmost fidelity to the cause of his client regardless of his personal beliefs on his client’s guilt or innocence, as even the most guilty of all criminals can still avail of the different protections afforded by the law. Sometimes, though, lawyers are faced with legal complications in providing the most adequate defenses for their clients especially when the latter are found to have deliberately violated the laws of the land. These acts do no include justifying circumstances in criminal prosecutions as these are been deemed lawful when convincingly proven in court. The acts contemplated here are acts which are considered, on its face, patent violations of the law bereft of any legal justification. However, these illegal acts do not preclude the rendering of legal services for the protection of their rights. Among the conditions and circumstances that utterly warrant the defense of illegal acts are those which are challenged based on constitutional issues involving the due process and equal protection clauses, and constitutionally-protected freedoms such as free expression and the right to privacy. The due process and the equal protection clauses have been two of the most important protections afforded by the US Constitution to the American people to safeguard them from the unwarranted intrusions of government into the free exercise of their democratic rights. As a result, many previously considered violations of the law were overturned by the US Supreme Court for abridging the due process and equal protection clauses of the constitution, to the extent that entire statutes were declared unconstitutional and taken off the statute books. In the case of Lawrence v. Texas, two gay couples were charged and convicted for â€Å"deviate sexual intercourse, namely anal sex, with a member of the same sex,† (539 U.S. 558) and violating the Texas Penal Code Ann.  §21.06(a), which provides that a person commits an offense if he engages in deviate sexual intercourse with another individual of the same sex. The homosexual couple asserted that their conviction was an infringement of the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth amendment, in which the majority opinion answered thus These matters, involving the most intimate and personal choices a person may   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   make in a lifetime, choices central to personal dignity and autonomy, are central   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to the liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. At the heart of liberty is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the right to define one’s own concept of existence, of meaning, of the universe,    and of the mystery of human life. Beliefs about these matters could not define the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   attributes of personhood were they formed under compulsion of the State.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992) Such homosexual acts in the privacy of a person’s home is subsumed in the concept stated above and their autonomy as persons to decide for themselves the concept of their own existence and meaning must be respected by the Court and the law. While convicted in the lower courts for violating the law, they were vindicated by the ruling of the Supreme Court based on their constitutional challenge. A case that was won based on procedural due process is the case of Tumey v. Ohio in which Tumey was arrested and charged with the unlawful possession of intoxicating liquor at White Oak, another village in Hamilton county, Ohio, on a warrant issued by the mayor of North College Hill. The mayor of the town then proceeded to try and convict Tumey under the existing law. His conviction was challenged based on the pecuniary interest of the mayor in convicting Tumey as he stood to gain from the amount of the costs in each case, in addition to his regular salary, as compensation for hearing such cases. There is, therefore, no way by which the mayor may be paid for his service as judge, if he does not convict those who are brought before him. The US Supreme Court looked favorably on the assertions of Tumey, reversed his conviction, and remanded the case for further trial, due to the utter lack of impartiality in the previous proceedings with the mayor sitting as a judge. This is proof once again that constitutional challenges protect the rights even of persons seen to have deliberately violated the law. In Lanzetta v. New Jersey, the appellants were indicted and convicted under the New Jersey Statute which prosecutes â€Å"any person not engaged in any lawful occupation, known to be a member of any gang consisting of two or more persons, who has been convicted at least three times of being a disorderly person, or who has been convicted of any crime, in this or any other State, is declared to be a gangster. The US Supreme Court declared the statute unconstitutional for being repugnant to the Fourteenth Amendment as the word â€Å"gang† and â€Å"gangster† is vague such that even those who belong to a group whose objective may be legal may unnecessarily be covered. Hence, due to vagueness, there is no sufficient warning to the public as to what exactly is proscribed by the law. The persons in this case, even if found to be true gangsters in a socio-cultural sense, had their convictions reversed simply due to the vagueness of the law. In the case of In Re Lynch, John Lynch was released from prison that supposedly condemned him for life behind bars as the US Supreme Court found the penalty for this offense of indecent exposure too cruel for such a light offense, relative to more heinous crimes with the same penalty. Lynch was definitely found guilty of his crime, yet the law still afforded him adequate protection despite his offenses when it was challenged based on the constitutional issue of disproportionate punishments which, although not cruel or unusual in its method, it is so disproportionate to the crime for which it is inflicted that it shocks the conscience and offends fundamental notions of human dignity. In New York Times v. Sullivan, the libel suit of L.B. Sullivan against the New York Times did not earn the affirmation of the US Supreme Court as it held that the interest of the public outweighs the interest of any other individual. While the New York Times might, on its face, erred in accurately reporting the facts of the civil rights demonstration involving Martin Luther King, the newspaper cannot be held for its criticisms of the official conduct of public officials.   In this case, the freedom of the press saved the New York Times from settling the multi-million dollar libel suit filed by Sullivan even if the lower courts found them guilty of the offense. In the famous case of Griswold v. Connecticut, Drs. Griswold and Buxton were found guilty of violating 53-32 and 54-196 of the General Statutes of Connecticut and fined $100 each for giving information, instruction, and medical advice to married persons as to the means of preventing conception, notwithstanding examining a married woman and prescribed the best contraceptive device or material for her use. The US Supreme Court reversed their convictions based on a discussion of the penumbra of rights which are formed by emanations from those constitutional guarantees that help give them life and substance. This is shown in past cases wherein, though not directly involved, the right to privacy was upheld. The court, in verbatim even said – The present case, concerns a relationship lying within the zone of privacy created   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   by several fundamental constitutional guarantees. And it concerns a law which, in   Ã‚   forbidding the use of contraceptives rather than regulating their manufacture or    sale, seeks to achieve its goals by means having a maximum destructive impact upon that relationship. Such a law cannot stand in light of the familiar principle, so often applied by this Court, that a â€Å"governmental purpose to control or prevent   Ã‚   activities constitutionally subject to state regulation may not be achieved by means which sweep unnecessarily broadly and thereby invade the area of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   protected freedoms.† Yet again, the US Supreme Court intervened in expunging responsibility from individuals who were found to be in blatant violation of the existing laws of the land. In all of these, it is patently clear that individuals found to be in deliberate violation of existing laws can still be afforded protection by our system of laws. While many other conditions and exceptions exist to warrant the defense of supposedly erring individuals and groups, the best way of going around the violations of the law is through a sound constitutional challenge before the courts of law, from the lowest courts all the way up to the US Supreme Court. It must be remembered that these are done not only for the sheer obstinacy of defending the cause of the client but also in pursuit of upholding the rule of law, the integrity of the courts and assist in the administration of justice. The duties of the lawyers are not only to prosecute and defend, but also to ensure that justice is done to all those who deserve it. Cases Cited: Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003) Tumey v. Ohio, 373 US 510 (1927) Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 US 451 (1939) In Re Lynch, 8 Cal 3rd 410 P. 2d (1972) New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 US 254 (1964) Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 US 47A (1965)   

Geography and Information About France

Geography and Information About France Population: 65,312,249 (July 2011 estimate)Capital: ParisArea of Metropolitan France: 212,935 square miles (551,500 sq km)Coastline: 2,129 miles (3,427 km)Highest Point: Mont Blanc at 15,771 feet (4,807 m)Lowest Point: Rhone River delta at -6.5 feet (-2 m) France, officially called the Republic of France, is a country located in Western Europe. The country also has several overseas territories and islands around the world but the mainland of France is called Metropolitan France. It stretches north to south from the North Sea and the English Channel to the Mediterranean Sea and from the Rhine River to the Atlantic Ocean. France is known for being a world power and it has been an economic and cultural center of Europe for hundreds of years. History of France France has a long history and according to the  U.S. Department of State, it was one of the earliest countries to develop an organized nation-state. As a result of the mid-1600s, France was one of the most powerful countries in Europe. By the 18th century, though, France began having financial problems due to the lavish spending of King Louis XIV and his successors. These and social problems eventually led to the  French Revolution  that lasted from 1789 to 1794. Following the revolution, France shifted its government between absolute rule or  constitutional monarchy  four times during the Empire of  Napoleon, the reigns of King Louis XVII and then Louis-Philippe and finally the Second Empire of Napoleon III. In 1870 France was involved in the Franco-Prussian War which established the countrys Third Republic that lasted until 1940. France was hit hard during  World War I  and in 1920 it established the  Maginot Line  of border defenses to protect itself from the rising power of Germany. Despite these  defenses,  however,​  France was occupied by Germany early during  World War II. In 1940 it was divided into two sections - one that was directly controlled by Germany and another that was controlled by France (known as the Vichy Government). By 1942 though all of France was occupied by the  Axis Powers. In 1944 the Allied Powers liberated France. Following WWII a new constitution established Frances Fourth Republic and a parliament was set up. On May 13,  1958,​  this government collapsed due to Frances involvement in a war with Algeria.  As a result,​  General Charles de Gaulle became the head of government to prevent civil war and the Fifth Republic was established. In 1965 France held an election and de Gaulle was elected as President but in 1969 he resigned after several governmental proposals were rejected. Since de Gaulles resignation, France has had seven different leaders and its recent presidents have developed strong ties to the  European Union. The country was also one of the EUs six founding nations. In 2005 France underwent three weeks of civil unrest as its minority groups began a series of violent protests. In 2017  Emmanuel Macron  was elected president. Government of France Today France is considered a republic with an executive, legislative and judicial branch of government. Its executive branch is made up of a chief of state (the president) and a head of government (the prime minister). Frances legislative branch consists of a  bicameral Parliament  made up of the Senate and the National Assembly. The judicial branch of Frances government is its Supreme Court of Appeals, the Constitutional Council and the Council of State. France is divided into 27 regions for local administration. Economics and Land Use in France According to the  CIA World Factbook, France has a large economy that is currently transitioning from one with government ownership to a more privatized one. The main industries in France are machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics, textiles, and food processing. Tourism also represents a large part of its economy as the country gets about 75 million foreign visitors each year. Agriculture is also practiced in some areas of France and the main products of that industry are wheat, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes, beef, dairy products, and fish. Geography and Climate of France Metropolitan France is the part of France that is located in Western Europe to the southeast of the United Kingdom along the Mediterranean Sea, the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel. The country also has several overseas territories which include French Guiana in South America and the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean Sea, Mayotte in the Southern Indian Ocean and Reunion in Southern Africa. Metropolitan France has a varied topography that consists of flat plains and/or low rolling hills in the north and west, while the rest of the country is mountainous with the Pyrenees in the south and the Alps in the east. The highest point in France is Mont Blanc at 15,771 feet (4,807 m).The climate of Metropolitan France varies with ones location but most of the country has cool winters and mild summers, while the Mediterranean region has mild winters and hot summers. Paris, the capital and largest city of France, has an average January low temperature of 36 F (2.5 C) and an average July high of 77 F (25 C). Sources Central Intelligence Agency. (10 May 2011). CIA - The World Factbook - France. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.). France: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/country/france.htmlUnited States Department of State. (18 August 2010). France. Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htmWikipedia.com. (13 May 2011). France - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France

The manufacturing and service operations, their differences, and the Essay

The manufacturing and service operations, their differences, and the operation processes and systems that may be common to the two - Essay Example The quality of a service is realized when it consumed and this quality is quickly lost if the service is not received as fast as possible (Artige Company, 2005). It is almost difficult to provide or claim ownership of a service. Rather, it can just be lent temporarily. A product can be a physical item (goods), non-tangible items (services), or a combination of both the categories. Manufacturing operations involves creation of goods whereas service operations involve creation and delivery of services to consumers. A number of differences occur between the operations in the service industry and those in the manufacturing industry, which translate to a difference in some operation management techniques. Firstly, the service industry is labor-intensive (Zhou, Park & Yi, 2009) as it involves many manual processes characterized by interaction between human beings. This is contrary to the manufacturing processes where most functions are mechanized. As such, it is difficult to use standardiz ed and automated systems to improve operational efficiency in service industry (Zhou, Park & Yi, 2009). Besides, the employees have their own preferences and different processes may require varying amount of labor at a given time. This calls for a more integrated system for scheduling and control. The service industry is characterized by simultaneous production and consumption of the service products (Abilla, 2010; Zhou, Park & Yi, 2009). In manufacturing process, the goods are manufactured at some earlier dates and some lead-time is created in readiness for risks and uncertainties that may be encountered in future. The buffer is not possible in the service industry, which will just apply a Just-In-Time (JIT)... This paper illustrates that business organizations are engaged in the creation of products to be offered to their clients. These products can be good or services or a combination of both. Effective development of these products requires operations management, which is concerned with the ‘design, and management of products, processes, services, and supply chains’. Operations management will entail all the processes involved in obtaining these resources, their development, and final usage by the organization. The roles in operations management take different dimensions. Strategic roles involve making some long-term operations plan for the organization, especially at the onset of a given business project. Operations management applies for both a manufacturing company and a service company. A manufacturing operations manager may be required to determine the size of a manufacturing plant and its convenient location. Similarly, an operations manager may be required to determin e the appropriate type of service to be provided and to develop the technology supply chain that will be used. OM also involves tactical roles like choosing on the appropriate resources that are to be used in a given operation. Operational roles like inventory management, quality control and inspection, or production scheduling and control are the other category of operations management. The service processes are not that distinct from the manufacturing processes and some of the operations management roles applicable in manufacturing can be extended to the service industry.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT - Case Study Example The trend is such that the businesses and consumers expect to communicate with each other instantaneously. Information Technology has brought huge increase in the level of productivity in the last few decades. There has been a union between the telephony sector and IT, which was driven by altering the voice traffic from the analogue signal to a digital packet. The union is indistinguishable from the rest of the data packets, which travel via the computer network (Graduate Prospects Ltd., 2013). The sector has encountered a number of problems, in the recent past and the biggest of them is the economy. The conditions of the sector can be enumerated through examples, so that a clear picture of the same is obtained. The economy of United States (US) has been in an inflationary path. After elections, the technology sector has encountered a huge decline. The scenario in Europe has been the same. The Euro collapse had decreased the demand in European consumer technology. When the European Union countries experience an increase in commodity prices and tax hike, the US export, availability of credit and corporate profitability are bound to suffer. So, all these factors have affected the sector to a large extent. Despite the euro crisis, European demand for consumable technology has not hampered and technological companies are seen to invest in more and more new products that are invented by them. The technology sector demands for huge cash in dollars and euro, so that the sector co ntinues to flourish in the future. The vital part of the technology sector is insurance coverage, which is designed in order to maintain same pace with potential growth of the individual business (Private Sector Development, 2009). The mobile segment of the technology market had encountered drastic changes, along with potential growth, in the past few years. It is also expected to enjoy further growth in the future. According to certain