The Role of Gene Mutation in Human Evolution - 1302 Words

The Role of Gene Mutation in Human Evolution Have you ever looked at a gorilla or a monkey and considered it to be your ancestor? Probably not, but, if you have had that thought then it was probably just because that is what has been taught in our school systems for decades, and probably will be for a long time to come unless proven otherwise. Sure, humans and primates have similar features: facial expressions and structures; fingers; toes; breasts; hair; etc., but there has been no evidence that proves that we are, undoubtedly, a product of natural selection evolving from ape-like species. Ever since the first mentioning of our evolution from such species was introduced, it has been primarily theory, and nothing more.†¦show more content†¦This gene-inactivating mutation was not found in merely a few specimens of humans, it was found in all humans – natives of Africa, South American, Europe, Iceland, Japan, Russia, etc. However, the mutation was not found in the DNA sequences of seven species of non-human pr imates, including Chimpanzees (University of Penn. Medical Center). The particular gene in question is of the Myosin Heavy Chain, MYH16, and is specifically related to muscles in the head, namely chewing and biting muscles. Macaque monkeys, a non-human primate, were studied and were found to have the particular MYH16 gene present, and as predicted, only in its muscles of mastication (chewing muscles). In humans, though, due to the mutation, the protein was not being made, and this explains why humans have smaller and weaker jaw muscles when compared to the Macaque monkey’s, whose jaw muscles are ten times stronger than humans (University of Penn. Medical Center). This decrease in muscle tone is due to the inactivation of MYH16 gene which causes a large reduction in the sizes of the muscles that they’re present in (Currie, 373). This gene-inactivating mutation has been traced back to a hominid ancestor about 2.4 million years ago, and, coincidentally, about 2 milli on years ago, the less muscled, larger brained skulls of the earliest members of the genus Homo began to appear in the fossil record (UniversityShow MoreRelatedEvolution Is The Gradual Change Of Genotype And Phenotype Of Organisms1415 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution is the gradual change of genotype and phenotype of organisms over time in response to selection pressures. This enables organisms to become better equipped to exploit their environment. Random processes are governed by the laws of probability and cannot be forecast except for a certain degree of directionality. Deterministic processes however, are predictable and tend towards a repeated outcome. It is necessary to consider the true role of stochasticity in evolution, first in the frameRead More Role of Mutated Gene in the Evolution of Large Brained, Small-Jawed Humans1288 Words   |  6 PagesRole of Mutated Gene in the Evolution of Large Brained, Small-Jawed Humans The debate with-in the anthropology field has been heated over the evolution of the human and the events that have lead us to where we are now. One of the major questions that is debated is how did we, humans-large brained and small jawed, evolve from primates-large jawed and small brained. Interestingly enough, this debate is now being directed from outside the field; by biologists and plastic surgeons. On march 25Read MoreThe Human Brain: Size and Development Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagestime, the human brain has evolved into an amazing organ of the human body. It can store a lot of information that is essential to the survival of the human race, and being successful in life. The brain has evolved and grown, it has always been hard to figure out what caused the growth and development. Microcephalin and the abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated, or ASPM, proteins are the genes that are responsible for brain size and development, and are responsible for the mutations ob servedRead MoreAre Humans Still Evolving?1556 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract evolution has occurred in humans for millions of years; however, in a modern society many scientists and evolutionists are now debating whether or not it is still occurring, and if it follows the same rules. 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In all species, there are huge numbersRead MoreAp Bio Chapter 231661 Words   |  7 Pages\ Chapter 23 Reading guide 1. what is the smallest unit of evolution and why is this important to understand? The population is the smallest unit of evolution . This is important to understand because it keeps clear what is evolving. 2. Define the following terms: a. Microevolution: evolutionary change below the species level; change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation. It is evolutionary change on its smallest scale b. Population: a localized groupRead MoreEssay about Evolution1502 Words   |  7 Pagesset of variants in a given environment. In reference to humans, there are many traits that have been selected and adapted for throughout their evolutionary history giving them the characteristics that they have today. 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There is enough evidence to bolster the fact that fusion between a-proteobacteria and archaebacteria is an integral event in evolution of eukaryotic cells. However, it has also been conjectured that eukaryotic cell may have originated f rom prokaryotes. As a part of this evolution, many mitochondrial ancestral genes were lost. These are the genes that were no longer required in their new host cell environment. All eukaryotes contain genes of mitochondrial origin inRead MoreEssay on The Validity of the Theory of Evolution1539 Words   |  7 PagesSince the publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species, in which the theory of evolution has risen, people have debated the merits of the theories of creationism and evolution. The theory of is reinforced through scientific studies using DNA, genetics and its mutation, the fossil record and the change in earlier species that has been encountered, and the distribution of related species of animals over a broad geographical range. To fully understand exactly what a fossil is, look at how they

The Socioeconomic And Economic Status And Upward Mobility...

Amer Alhammadi ASB 202 4) There are many differences in the average socio-and economic status and upward mobility of second-generation immigrant minorities when compared to their parents who are first-generation immigrants. A lot of this can be attributed to different rates of cultural assimilation and there are many different factors that come into play when dealing with an analysis of cultural assimilation and what is the most and second-most important factor to be successful in the assimilation. We talk about generations and looking at the study of different generations this is something that anthropologists are very interested in doing. As the United States continues to have more and more immigrants entering the country there are consistently new first generations that academic scholars can look to study. One of the most exciting areas of study for those interested in the anthropology of assimilation is to take a look at the Hispanic community who in many cases are third-generation or getting into the third-generation. When looking at first-generation as compared to second-generation there’s a big question as to whether second-generation is compared to third-generation is going to look the same, look different, or somewhere in between. Relationships between generations is something that is very significant in any community but in the Hispanic community there are some specific norms and customs that parents would like the children to continue on with well the childrenShow MoreRelated Not Just A Rising Sun: Essay2243 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferent social status. This essay will discuss and analyze the history of and how Asian Americans and subgroups are affected differently by discrimination and prejudices, and have different identities that can lead to different assimilation into American Culture and economy. This essay will discuss this through examining Chinese Americans, Japanese Americans, Korean Americans, Filipino and other Southeast Asian Islanders. Waves of Migration The Asian American community achieved their status in AmericaRead MoreRace And Crime Of The Criminal Justice System6937 Words   |  28 Pagescan remember white people or those of the Caucasian race has been the superior race in America. It seems as though they have been always been awarded their fair trial and lesser sentences for the crimes they commit especially compared to the other minority races. In earlier years, the criminal justice system was made up of only white people, white males to be more specific. The judges, police officers, sheriffs, most lawyers were mostly white males. From the criminal justice system coming from anRead MoreBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 Pagesestablishing permanent colonies for their own religious freedom than they were with converting or trading with the native peoples. D—Nicholas Perrot—Description of the opening of a new area for the fur trade reflects the way that the French made economic use of pre-existing North American ways of life. E—Berkely Discourse—Shows the raising of tobacco for export and the precarious financial basis of this economy. Students may point out that this type of economy required slave labor and that the developmentRead MoreA Nuanced Understanding About Gender And Development2781 Words   |  12 Pagescritical inventory items, I chose to develop a nuanced understanding about, are based upon my personal experiences. 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The New Economic Policy Free Essays

How far were economic problems responsible for Stalin’s decision to replace the New Economic Policy in 1928 with the first Five-Year Plan ? There seemed to be various reasons why Stalin decided to replace the New Economic Policy with the first Five-Year Plan in 1928. These included economic problems, the role of ideology, a fear of invasion and political considerations. Although economic problems certainly were an important reason for Stalin’s decision, the most significant reason must have been political, since the consolidation of his power position had always been Stalin’s prime concern. We will write a custom essay sample on The New Economic Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The occurrence of economic problems presumably played a major role in Stalin’s decision to move away from the New Economic Policy (NEP), although it must be noted that, before that time, the NEP had had its, albeit limited, success: By 1925 the NEP had returned the economy to its pre-war levels, and by 1927 both agriculture and industrial production exceeded their pre-war level. However, the NEP had run into problems such as the scissors crisis in 1924 and the grain procurement crisis of 1927-28. For Stalin and many pragmatists who had supported the NEP because it had been working, the grain procurement crisis brought matters to a head. Russia was by 1928 still an economically backward country compared to the large economies of Western Europe and especially the USA. Farming methods still were fundamentally backwards and unproductive. In industry there was a genuine necessity for the economy to develop and compete with western competitors far ahead of Russia. Economic problems were likely to be a catalyst for the bold measures of the first Five-Year Plan, since Stalin felt that without it Russia would keep lagging behind. Ideological aspects too seemed to matter in Stalin’s decision making, although his own ideological position can be seen as somewhat blurred, since he used to frequently change policies according to what suited him best in his pursuit of a leading role in the Communist Party. For example, before his policy U-turn in 1928 Stalin had defended the NEC against opposition from the left wing of the Party. By 1927-28, when the NEP began to experience problems, Stalin sensed that stressing Communist ideological believes would gain him a lot of support. Many Communists, especially those of the left wing, saw the NEP as a retreat from Marxist, anti-capitalist principles and the urban working class resented the special position of the peasants under the NEP. Growing mass unemployment in the towns and food shortages combined with the ideological distaste felt by many Communists for the NEP and the Nepmen. This led Stalin to wage a class war against the peasants and the Kulaks in particular, branding those who would resist collectivisation as ’enemies of the people’ or ’enemies of the revolution. ’ Communist ideology played their part in Stalin’s decision making since it ensured support not only from the Party but also from the workers and gave Stalin the moral grounds to prevail and secure control of the state. A fear of invasion must also have been influential in Stalin’s decision, as since back during the Civil War of 1918-21, when the western powers had clearly supported the ’Whites’, the Communists had a certain suspicion for them. Russia found itself in a far from ideal international climate during the late 1920s, which clearly suggested that the Soviet Union was surrounded by hostile nations which undermined its national security. Stalin seemed to have felt the necessity for both setting up self-sufficiency in food production and industrialise rapidly in order to built up the armed forces and prepare Russia for war against the capitalist powers, or, as he would say at a Party meeting ’Either we do it – or they crush us. Since under the NEP these goals were unlikely to be accomplished, a fear of invasion probably was an important motivator behind the shift to the first Five-Year Plan. Finally, and most importantly, political considerations led Stalin to replace the NEP. It could be seen as a continuation of the leadership struggle that had set in after the death of Lenin in 1924 and demonstrated Stalin’s victory over Bukharin, who was the leading advocate of the NEP. Stalin could show that he was able to apply his own policies and, in doing so, consolidate his position. The Plan would further gain him the support of the left wing of the Communist Party, which had been leaderless when Zinoviev, Kamenev and Trotsky were defeated and humiliated in 1927. In addition, he still advocated socialism in one country and therefore appealed to Russian nationalism. Self-sufficiency in food production and not being dependant on foreign grain imports was popular as it would make Russia appear stronger and save money which could be used to improve living conditions. Political considerations were of prime importance to Stalin since he knew that if he could deliver all these things, it would serve the basic aim of securing his leadership position for the time to come. Overall, while it was possibly a combination of all factors discussed that played a role in Stalin’s decision to abandon the NEP in favour of the first Five-Year Plan, political considerations must have been the major driving force. However urgent a resolution of the pressing economic problems was, Stalin had proven consistently throughout the leadership challenge of 1924-1928 that his basic aim was the consolidation of his power. He had repeatedly changed his policies to decimate both the left and right wing of the Party. Like so many times before, it is quite probable that his decision was yet another piece of opportunism. Had it not been for the unpopularity of the NEP among many Party members, it is questionable whether Stalin would have taken such bold steps. How to cite The New Economic Policy, Essay examples

HRM Journal Entry for Organization Culture - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHRM Journal Entry for Organization Culture. Answer: In this book, the Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Approach, I have been able to gain some learning experience that will help me specifically in the professional field. The major lesson gained in this module is how HRM plays a critical role in any organization. HRM deals with basically the management (provision of manpower) and leadership of an organization so as to ensure there is coordination and a working system. HRM is one of the most valued departments in an organization responsible in creation of the organization culture and structure. This vital organ in the organization also deals with general organization and managerial performance as well as employee performance and rewards (Beardwell Thompson 2017). The study of this HRM module has aided in change of behavior in terms of good performance in the work place and a strong positive organization culture. This study has shed light on what is expected of you in the work place. A guideline of the job description and how t o perform the best way possible bearing in mind the rewards expected and deserved. HRM has also helped in understanding duties delegated and clear understanding of the organization chain of command. In this way, I am able to do work in accordance to job description and is aiding as a tool for remuneration negotiation. I am able to feel motivated at work and therefore resulting in better performance in my work and positive attitude at my work place. Understanding the HRM organ in an organization has helped in my professional development and this has helped me advance in my career. The HRM knowledge has improved my understanding of an organization structure well and my position, duties and responsibilities that should be done. This has enabled me to perform highly towards achieving an organization common goals and objectives. Rewards and recognition in the organization has brought positive attitude and energy towards work. Study of HRM is broad and diverse but there is still room for further study in various topics specifically study of HRM trends all over the world and comparing notes on influence of multinational corporations. References: Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2017). Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Harlow,United Kingdom: Pearson Education. Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2017). Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Harlow,United Kingdom: Pearson Education.